Inventions By Muslim Scientists

A significant number of inventions were produced in the Muslim world, many of them with direct implications for Fiqh related issues. Most of these inventions were invented in the Middle Ages, especially during the Islamic Golden Age.

1 Astronomical instruments 1.1 Astrolabes 1.2 Analog computers 1.3 Armillary spheres 1.4 Mural instruments 1.5 Other instruments 2 Aviation technology 2.1 Parachute 2.2 Hang glider 2.3 Flight controls 2.4 Artificial wings 2.5 Artificially-powered manned rocket 3 Camera technology 3.1 Pinhole camera 3.2 Camera obscura 4 Chemical technology 4.1 Chemical processes 4.2 Laboratory apparatus 4.3 Chemical industries 4.4 Drinking industry 4.5 Glass industry 4.6 Hygiene industries 4.7 Perfumery industry 5 Civil engineering 5.1 Bridge dam 5.2 Cobwork 5.3 Diversion dam 5.4 Surveying instruments 6 Clock technology 6.1 Astronomical clocks 6.2 Candle clocks 6.3 Dials 6.4 Elephant clock with automaton, regulator, and closed loop 6.5 Mechanical clocks 6.6 Striking clock 6.7 Watch 6.8 Water clocks 7 Industrial milling 7.1 Bridge mill 7.2 Factory milling installation 7.3 Geared and wind-powered gristmills with trip hammers 7.4 Industrial mills 7.5 Milling dam 7.6 Paper mill 7.7 Shipmill 7.8 Spiral scoop-wheel 7.9 Sugar refinery 7.10 Tide mill and tidal-powered machine 7.11 Water-powered finery forge 7.12 Water turbine 7.13 Windmill 8 Mechanical technology 8.1 Agricultural devices 8.2 Artificial weather simulation 8.3 Complex segmental and epicyclic gears 8.4 Crankshaft and connecting rod 8.5 Crank-driven screw and screwpump 8.6 Flywheel-driven chain pump and noria 8.7 Hodometer 8.8 Mechanical singing birds 8.9 Metronome 8.10 Non-wooden block printing 8.11 On/off switch 8.12 Programmable humanoid robot 8.13 Steam turbine 8.14 Valve-operated double-action reciprocating suction piston pump 8.15 Ventillator 8.16 Other mechanical devices 9 Medical technology 9.1 Medical treatments 9.2 Surgical instruments 10 Military technology 10.1 Purified potassium nitrate 10.2 Explosive gunpowder 10.3 Hand cannon, handgun, and portable firearm 10.4 Fireproof clothing and dissolved talc 10.5 Gunpowder cartridge 10.6 Siege cannon 10.7 Ballistic war machine 10.8 Counterweight trebuchet 10.9 Torpedo 10.10 Iron rocket artillery 10.11 Other weapons 11 Navigational technology 11.1 Baculus 11.2 Caravel 11.3 Cartographic instruments 11.4 Compass rose 11.5 Kamal 11.6 Lateen 11.7 Three-masted merchant vessel 12 Other inventions 12.1 Explosive fireworks and firecrackers 12.2 Fountain pen